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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dimensionsanalyse</span></h1>
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Dieser Artikel wurde in die Qualitätssicherung der Redaktion Physik eingetragen. Wenn du dich mit dem Thema auskennst, bist du herzlich eingeladen, dich an der Prüfung und möglichen Verbesserung des Artikels zu beteiligen. Der Meinungsaustausch darüber findet derzeit <b>nicht</b> auf der Artikeldiskussionsseite, sondern auf der <b>Qualitätssicherungs-Seite</b> der Physik statt. </div>
<p>Die <b>Dimensionsanalyse</b> ist ein mathematisches Verfahren, um das Zusammenspiel <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">physikalischer Größen</a> bei <a href="Naturerscheinung" title="Naturerscheinung">Naturphänomenen</a> zu erfassen, ohne die einem physikalischen Vorgang zugrundeliegende <a href="Formel" title="Formel">Formel</a> oder eine exakte Gesetzmäßigkeit zu kennen. Ihre Anwendung beruht auf <a href="Angewandte_Mathematik" title="Angewandte Mathematik">angewandter Mathematik</a> und auf <a href="Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitivem</a> physikalischen Verständnis. Sie hat sich insbesondere in der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> bewährt.
</p><p>Die Anwendung der Dimensionsanalyse auf <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeit_(Geometrie)" title="Ähnlichkeit (Geometrie)">geometrisch ähnliche</a>, jedoch labortechnisch oder numerisch leichter handhabbare Modelle erlaubt hier häufig sehr genaue Rückschlüsse auf die Lösung des hochkomplexen Ausgangsproblems.
</p><p>Die Dimensionsanalyse findet hauptsächlich in der <a href="Experimentalphysik" title="Experimentalphysik">experimentellen Physik</a>, im <a href="Ingenieurwissenschaften" title="Ingenieurwissenschaften">Ingenieurwesen</a>, aber auch in der <a href="Medizin" title="Medizin">Medizin</a> und <a href="Biologie" title="Biologie">Biologie</a> Anwendung.
</p><p>Teilweise wird auch die <a href="Dimensionsbetrachtung" title="Dimensionsbetrachtung">Dimensionsbetrachtung</a> zur Prüfung der Plausibilität einer physikalischen Formel als Dimensionsanalyse bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungsgebiete">Anwendungsgebiete</h2></div>
<p>Die Problemstellungen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sind vielfältig. Einige Themenfelder sind:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Aerodynamik" title="Aerodynamik">Aerodynamik</a> und das Verhalten von Körpern in strömenden <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluiden</a> im Allgemeinen. Etwa die Untersuchung und Optimierung der <a href="Aerodynamik" title="Aerodynamik">aerodynamischen</a> Eigenschaften von <a href="Flugzeug" title="Flugzeug">Flugzeugen</a> und <a href="H%C3%A4ngebr%C3%BCcke" title="Hängebrücke">Hängebrücken</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Str%C3%B6mungswiderstand" title="Strömungswiderstand">Strömungswiderstand</a> und Druckabbau in durchströmten Rohren.</li>
<li>Bildung von <a href="Welle" title="Welle">Wellen</a> und deren Ausbreitung in diversen <a href="Materie_(Physik)" title="Materie (Physik)">Medien</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Diffusion" title="Diffusion">Diffusion</a> und <a href="W%C3%A4rmetransport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wärmetransport">Wärmetransport</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Explosion" title="Explosion">Explosionsvorgänge</a></li>
<li>Materialfestigkeitsprüfungen und <a href="Crashtest" title="Crashtest">Crashtests</a>.</li>
<li><a href="Geowissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Geowissenschaft">Geowissenschaftlich</a> interessant sind Auswirkungen von <a href="Erdbeben" title="Erdbeben">Erdbeben</a> (etwa für Hochhäuser), Durchsickerungsvorgänge im Erdreich, Tragfähigkeit von <a href="Gr%C3%BCndung_(Bauwesen)" title="Gründung (Bauwesen)">Gründungen</a> für Bauwerke oder <a href="Hangrutschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangrutschung">Hangrutschungen</a> und <a href="Lawine" title="Lawine">Lawinen</a>.</li>
<li>Im <a href="Wasserbau" title="Wasserbau">Wasserbau</a> der Abfluss in <a href="Gerinne" title="Gerinne">Gerinnen</a> und der Geschiebetransport in Flüssen.</li>
<li>In Medizin und Biologie das Themengebiet der <a href="Bionik" title="Bionik">Bionik</a>, der <a href="Blutkreislauf" title="Blutkreislauf">Blutkreislauf</a> oder das Pflanzenwachstum.</li></ul>
<p>Eine Dimensionsanalyse dieser Vorgänge liefert nützliche Proportionalitäten, Vorgaben zur Kalibrierung von Modellversuchen (s. Modellgesetze) und konkrete Anhaltspunkte für Variantenstudien. Wiederholt reicht das aus, um daraus funktionale Zusammenhänge abzuleiten. In jedem Falle trägt sie zum besseren Verständnis des Problems bei.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie_und_Überblick"><span id="Historie_und_.C3.9Cberblick"></span>Historie und Überblick</h2></div>
<p>Bereits Physiker wie <a href="Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a>, <a href="Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a>, <a href="Albert_F._Shields" title="Albert F. Shields">Albert Shields</a>, <a href="Johann_Nikuradse" title="Johann Nikuradse">Johann Nikuradse</a> und <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3._Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh</a>, die sich Ende des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als erste tiefergehend mit den Eigenschaften von Strömungen und bewegten Körpern in <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluiden</a> beschäftigten, nutzten die Dimensionsanalyse, um vom Laborexperiment mit kontrollierbaren Randbedingungen auf das Verhalten physikalischer Probleme mit geometrisch ähnlichen Körpern oder mit Fluiden anderer <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Zähigkeit</a> und <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> zu schließen. Dieses Ähnlichkeitsprinzip, also die Möglichkeit, physikalische Phänomene in unterschiedlichen Maßstäben untersuchen zu können, bildet die Grundlage der <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeitstheorie" title="Ähnlichkeitstheorie">Ähnlichkeitstheorie</a>. Häufig wird diese Theorie auch als Modelltheorie bezeichnet.
</p><p>Die der Ähnlichkeitstheorie zugrundeliegende Dimensionsanalyse besagt, dass sich jede dimensionsgebundene physikalische <a href="Formel" title="Formel">Formel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84a692f934b47c90419dddfd5186d461e948139a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.87ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> in eine <a href="Dimensionslose_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Dimensionslose Größe">dimensionslose</a>, d. h. von physikalischen Einheiten bereinigte Gestalt überführen lässt. Dazu werden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c1aecfa2ea390415dac1aa9b7f6b534c00e8d60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.616ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> durch ein Potenzprodukt der <a href="Variable_(Mathematik)" title="Variable (Mathematik)">Variablen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e71a0bff46c1d8ad13a271387dcf9c11fb30cee9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.559ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots }" loading="lazy"></span> geteilt und gleichzeitig die einzelnen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> in beliebige Potenzen erhöht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d003c956717d38fe572ada127592d59735369947.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:52.917ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>so dass die linke und die rechte Seite der <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> dimensionslos werden. Die Dimensionsreinheit und damit die Korrektheit jeder physikalischen Beziehung lässt sich anhand dieser Aussage prüfen. Genügt eine Formel nicht diesen Kriterien, dann ist sie physikalisch nicht exakt. Dies gilt für viele Näherungsformeln, die bewusst bestimmte Größen vernachlässigen. Auch ist klar, dass nur Größen gleicher Dimension addiert und subtrahiert werden können, also untereinander vergleichbar sind. Die Argumente etwa <a href="Trigonometrische_Funktion" title="Trigonometrische Funktion">trigonometrischer</a> oder anderer <a href="Transzendente_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Transzendente Funktion">transzendenter</a> Funktionen müssen folglich dimensionslose Zahlen sein.
</p><p>Das wichtige, auf der Dimensionsanalyse aufbauende, und unabhängig voneinander von <a href="Aim%C3%A9_Vaschy" title="Aimé Vaschy">Aimé Vaschy</a> (1890), <a href="Dmitri_Pawlowitsch_Rjabuschinski" title="Dmitri Pawlowitsch Rjabuschinski">Dmitri Pawlowitsch Rjabuschinski</a> (1911) und <a href="Edgar_Buckingham" title="Edgar Buckingham">Edgar Buckingham</a> (1915) bewiesene <a href="%CE%A0-Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Π-Theorem">Π-Theorem</a>, erweitert obige Aussage dahingehend, dass sich die <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84a692f934b47c90419dddfd5186d461e948139a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.87ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> in der allgemeineren Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3506a19a1f5f27e4ca380755d0af85e85bf794aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:52.035ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>darstellen lässt. Die Potenzprodukte der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c5ea190699149306d242b70439e663559e3ffbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die so genannten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p<n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p<n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6d8a094a6c2f008f67fe973a31a59efadf54633.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.752ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p<n}" loading="lazy"></span>, sind <a href="Dimensionslose_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Dimensionslose Größe">dimensionslos</a>.
</p><p>Durch die Dimensionsanalyse ist es möglich, die funktionale Gestalt physikalischer Formeln bis auf eine reellwertige Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> zu „erraten“, sofern nur wenige physikalische Größen Einfluss nehmen, wie beispielsweise beim erstmals von Galilei formulierten <a href="Fallgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallgesetz">Fallgesetz</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s(t)=C\cdot g\cdot t^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s(t)=C\cdot g\cdot t^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/807c8d7978cf3d79cf9cb839b6d805fb766696ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.972ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s(t)=C\cdot g\cdot t^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> als dem Fallweg, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> als der <a href="Fallbeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallbeschleunigung">Fallbeschleunigung</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> als der Zeit. Die <a href="Proportionalit%C3%A4tskonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportionalitätskonstante">Proportionalitätskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> verbleibt dabei im Experiment zu bestimmen; sie ergibt sich zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=0{,}5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=0{,}5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a7d96daf485449e6f168a5fa42a1325e7ac0564.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.837ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=0{,}5}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensionen_und_Maßsysteme"><span id="Dimensionen_und_Ma.C3.9Fsysteme"></span>Dimensionen und Maßsysteme</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basisgrößen_und_deren_Einheiten_in_der_Physik"><span id="Basisgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fen_und_deren_Einheiten_in_der_Physik"></span>Basisgrößen und deren Einheiten in der Physik</h3></div>
<p>Messen einer <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">physikalischen Größe</a> heißt Größenarten (z. B. <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a>, <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a>) mit etwas vergleichen.
</p><p>Für solche Vergleiche benötigt man nie mehr als sieben Grundgrößenarten, die man <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">Basisgrößenarten</a> nennt. Für sie sind <a href="Basiseinheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Basiseinheit">Basiseinheiten</a> (z. B. <a href="Meter" title="Meter">Meter</a>, <a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">Sekunde</a>) definiert (seit 2019 durch die Festlegung von sieben <a href="Naturkonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkonstante">Naturkonstanten</a>). Jede Basisgrößenart stellt eine eigene <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> dar, die nicht über die restlichen Basisgrößenarten beschrieben werden kann. Sie sind alle voneinander unabhängig.
</p>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Internationales_Einheitensystem#SI-Basiseinheiten" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">„SI-Basiseinheiten“ im Artikel Internationales Einheitensystem</a></i></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grundgrößensysteme"><span id="Grundgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fensysteme"></span>Grundgrößensysteme</h3></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem" title="Größensystem">Grundgrößensystem</a> beinhaltet alle Dimensionen, in denen ein <a href="Messung" title="Messung">Messvorgang</a> stattfindet. Ein System, das alle bekannten Dimensionen – L = <a href="L%C3%A4nge_(Physik)" title="Länge (Physik)">Länge</a>, M = <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a>, T = <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a>, I = <a href="Stromst%C3%A4rke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromstärke">Stromstärke</a>, Θ = <a href="Thermodynamische_Temperatur" title="Thermodynamische Temperatur">thermodynamische Temperatur</a>, N = <a href="Stoffmenge" title="Stoffmenge">Stoffmenge</a> und J = <a href="Lichtst%C3%A4rke_(Photometrie)" title="Lichtstärke (Photometrie)">Lichtstärke</a> – enthält, heißt {L,M,T,I,Θ,N,J}-System. Es ist ausreichend, um alle Vorgänge in der Natur zu erfassen. In der <a href="Mechanik" title="Mechanik">Mechanik</a>, dem Hauptanwendungsgebiet der Dimensionsanalyse, kann man sich meist auf ein {L,M,T}-System beschränken.
</p><p>Im Grundgrößensystem selbst ist die explizite Wahl einer <a href="Basiseinheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Basiseinheit">Basiseinheit</a> belanglos. Die Länge [L] wird so etwa mit den Basiseinheiten <i><a href="Meter" title="Meter">Meter</a></i>, <i><a href="Fu%C3%9F_(Einheit)" title="Fuß (Einheit)">Fuß</a></i>, <i><a href="Zentimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentimeter">Zentimeter</a></i>, <i><a href="Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></i> etc. gemessen. Die Basiseinheit dient aber nur einem Vergleichszweck, sie ist nicht mit der Dimension zu verwechseln.
</p><p>Grundgrößensysteme können nicht nur aus denjenigen Grundgrößenarten gebildet werden, die auch gleichzeitig Basisgrößenarten sind, sondern auch mit allen anderen. So ist nach <a href="Newton_(Einheit)" title="Newton (Einheit)">Newton</a> die <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> als zusammengesetzte Größe aus <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> und den Grundgrößenarten Länge und Zeit geeignet, die Masse in einem {L,M,T}-System zu ersetzen. Dann entsteht ein {L,F,T}-System mit der Grundgrößenart Kraft [F] an Stelle der Masse, über die sie definiert ist. Die Kraft besitzt hier als Dimensionsbegriff eine eigene, unabhängige <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a>, welche den Massenbegriff einschließt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Äquivalenz_von_Grundgrößensystemen"><span id=".C3.84quivalenz_von_Grundgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fensystemen"></span>Äquivalenz von Grundgrößensystemen</h3></div>
<p>Alle Größenarten eines {M,L,T}-System lassen sich auch in einem {F,L,T}-System angeben. Ein {M,F,L,T}-System darf es wegen der Abhängigkeit von <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> und <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> nicht geben. Die Forderung nach voneinander unabhängigen Dimensionen wäre verletzt.
</p><p>Man kann alternativ Grundgrößensysteme wählen, in denen der <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a>, die <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a> oder die <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a> Grundgrößen sind. Bedingung ist, dass jede Grundgröße für sich eine von den anderen verwendeten Grundgrößen unabhängige Dimension darstellt.
</p><p>Man nennt alle Grundgrößensysteme, in denen dieselben Größen dargestellt werden können, <a href="%C3%84quivalenzrelation" title="Äquivalenzrelation">äquivalent</a>. Für das Auffinden von so genannten Π-Faktoren ist die explizite Wahl von Grundgrößen belanglos. Sie ist nur eine Frage der bevorzugten Darstellungsweise.
</p><p>In der <a href="Mechanik" title="Mechanik">Mechanik</a> gebräuchliche Größenarten in einem {M,L,T}-System sind nachfolgend mit ihren Dimensionsformeln aufgelistet. Ihre Einheiten sind Potenzprodukte der Basiseinheiten. Ihre Dimensionsformeln sind Potenzprodukte der Dimensionen, innerhalb derer diese Einheiten beschrieben sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_der_Mechanik_gebräuchliche_Größenarten_in_einem_{M,L,T}-System"><span id="In_der_Mechanik_gebr.C3.A4uchliche_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fenarten_in_einem_.7BM.2CL.2CT.7D-System"></span>In der Mechanik gebräuchliche Größenarten in einem {M,L,T}-System</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Größenart</th>
<th>Größenbezeichnung<br>(<a href="Formelzeichen" title="Formelzeichen">Formelzeichen</a>)</th>
<th>Einheit</th>
<th>Dimensionsformel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>kg</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="L%C3%A4nge_(Physik)" title="Länge (Physik)">Länge</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span>, …</td>
<td>m</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>s</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>Hz (= 1/s)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a1a5bed0ce2d8adc7fdad412c34ef905fb5026f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.053ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Winkelgeschwindigkeit" title="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>1/s</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a1a5bed0ce2d8adc7fdad412c34ef905fb5026f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.053ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>m/s</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e71a8ebd3d1394153b8a9448f742e68e7cf3546.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.315ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>m/s²</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86beb3e73a886de06cdc79c3563d51dd106d8e05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.315ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impuls</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>m·kg/s</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1be392762af785429338182c8aea51a331399c84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.436ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>kg/m³</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30de880ce16dd42edd2bdc889ce30f89fc7a79be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.037ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-3}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N (= kg·m/s²)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8544836180fb7999e4b41268730323a93c5ad9fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.436ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Wichte" title="Wichte">Wichte</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N/m³</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-2}\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-2}\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48d4ee984f662d1b3a4936cceb8c23f3c10c71ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-2}\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druck</a>, <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Spannung</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N/m²</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/709bcd5fdc2d2f73ce9361b007e34d4a9c081bf3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul" title="Elastizitätsmodul">Elastizitätsmodul</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N/m²</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/709bcd5fdc2d2f73ce9361b007e34d4a9c081bf3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>J (= m²·kg/s²)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec3d3fef8a417ad4ada2a8bf197d04955c44304d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.49ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Leistung_(Physik)" title="Leistung (Physik)">Leistung</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>W (= m²·kg/s³)</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c710b28cb5f5060f0a5ac1f0d24777275e2e8d62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.49ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{2}\cdot T^{-3}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dynamische_Viskosit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamische Viskosität">Dynamische Viskosität</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>N·s/m²</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d8aa36ddfda4b703d52e16cce5f2e4040434fd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.769ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kinematische_Viskosit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematische Viskosität">Kinematische Viskosität</a></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td>m²/s</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}\cdot T^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}\cdot T^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87d635e15fb8e8183050c86c42d285a73d977959.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.369ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}\cdot T^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Formulierungen, wie „maßgebliche Größe der Dichte“ oder „Einfluss der Größen Geschwindigkeit und Beschleunigung“, sind umgangssprachlich. Diese Verwendung des Begriffs Größe ist im physikalischen Sinne nicht korrekt. <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>, <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a>, <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a> usw. sind Größenarten. Erst in einer <a href="Gleichung" title="Gleichung">Gleichung</a> der Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=3\,\mathrm {m/s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=3\,\mathrm {m/s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3fe3ad52b2118d0904ee32f45cff33da683b096.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.79ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=3\,\mathrm {m/s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wird eine Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> (man kann auch von <a href="Messgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Messgröße">Messgröße</a> sprechen) über eine (Maß-)<a href="Ma%C3%9Feinheit" title="Maßeinheit">Einheit</a> [m/s] und eine <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe#Größenwert" title="Physikalische Größe">Maßzahl</a> 3 beschrieben. Für technische Zwecke ist dies aber nicht relevant.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grundgrößensysteme_und_ihre_Transformationen"><span id="Grundgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fensysteme_und_ihre_Transformationen"></span>Grundgrößensysteme und ihre Transformationen</h3></div>
<p>Jedes Grundgrößensystem kann mithilfe einer Übergangsmatrix, welche die Exponenten der Dimensionen enthält, in ein dazu äquivalentes überführt werden. Möchte man in einem Grundgrößensystem beispielsweise die Dimension der Kraft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span>, gegeben in der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F^{1}=M^{1}\cdot L^{1}\cdot T^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F^{1}=M^{1}\cdot L^{1}\cdot T^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d48081a3dc1d7c260340015bab1b07006601ae9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.569ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F^{1}=M^{1}\cdot L^{1}\cdot T^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>durch die Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ausdrücken, so gelingt dies durch die einfache algebraische Umstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M^{1}=F^{1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M^{1}=F^{1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d60568615130473e9cd3b2fabab568ccabcba427.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:19.569ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M^{1}=F^{1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Oder, in übersichtlicher Form dargestellt, mit der Übergangsmatrix der Exponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7714158afb63a98e7dbc6e885f70d9141c6923a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fe5da64fef9e623a19f9a18e70b79bd0aa390f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:26.913ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Transformation der Grundgrößen des {M,L,T}-Systems zum {F,L,T}-Grundgrößensystem ist durch die <a href="Matrizenmultiplikation" title="Matrizenmultiplikation">Matrizenmultiplikation</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\cdot D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&0&0\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\F&1&1&-2\\\gamma &1&-2&-2\\p,E&1&-1&-2\\W&1&2&-2\\P&1&2&-3\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&-1&2\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-4&2\\F&1&0&0\\\gamma &1&-3&0\\p,E&1&-2&0\\W&1&1&0\\P&1&1&-1\\\mu &1&-2&1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}=Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>m</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>f</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>F</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>W</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>P</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>m</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>f</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>F</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>W</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>P</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\cdot D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&0&0\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\F&1&1&-2\\\gamma &1&-2&-2\\p,E&1&-1&-2\\W&1&2&-2\\P&1&2&-3\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&-1&2\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-4&2\\F&1&0&0\\\gamma &1&-3&0\\p,E&1&-2&0\\W&1&1&0\\P&1&1&-1\\\mu &1&-2&1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}=Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/965c5fb055c2764d8887f54ce8bfe5fa7eb9026f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -25.338ex; width:97.455ex; height:51.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\cdot D_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&0&0\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\F&1&1&-2\\\gamma &1&-2&-2\\p,E&1&-1&-2\\W&1&2&-2\\P&1&2&-3\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\\mathbf {M} &1&-1&2\\\mathbf {L} &0&1&0\\\mathbf {T} &0&0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\m&1&-1&2\\l,b,h,\dots &0&1&0\\t&0&0&1\\f&0&0&-1\\\omega &0&0&-1\\v&0&1&-1\\a&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-4&2\\F&1&0&0\\\gamma &1&-3&0\\p,E&1&-2&0\\W&1&1&0\\P&1&1&-1\\\mu &1&-2&1\\\nu &0&2&-1\\\end{pmatrix}}=Q}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>möglich, wenn die Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> die Exponenten aller Dimensionsformeln des {M,L,T}-Systems enthält. Die gesuchten Exponenten der Dimensionsformeln im {F,L,T}-System finden sich dann in der Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Da Länge und Zeit durch die Transformation unberührt bleiben, ändern sich lediglich die Exponenten derjenigen Größen, die mit der Dimension der Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> korreliert sind. Man erkennt, dass sich für einige Grundgrößen, wie beispielsweise den Druck <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Dimensionsformeln vereinfachen. Für andere hingegen, wie die direkt von der Masse abhängende Dichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span>, jedoch verkomplizieren. Es ist nützlich ein solches Grundgrößensystem zu bilden, in dem sich die Größen des konkreten Problems möglichst einfach darstellen lassen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Π-Faktoren"><span id=".CE.A0-Faktoren"></span>Π-Faktoren</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren nennt man diejenigen Produkte, die sich aus einer <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> wie der obigen Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben, wenn man einzelne Größen in beliebige Potenzen erhebt und sie mit anderen in der Matrix vorkommenden Größen derart multipliziert, dass das Produkt <i>dimensionslos</i> wird bzw. die <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> 1 besitzt. Die Dimension einer Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> wird durch das Klammerzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [x]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [x]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07548563c21e128890501e14eb7c80ee2d6fda4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.623ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [x]}" loading="lazy"></span> angegeben. Beispielsweise ist das Potenzprodukt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi =v^{1}\cdot a^{-1}\cdot t^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi =v^{1}\cdot a^{-1}\cdot t^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc91cfa0d7deeda66acedca2f866a8633f8b104b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:17.117ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi =v^{1}\cdot a^{-1}\cdot t^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktor der <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>, der die geforderte Dimension
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\Pi ]=L^{1}\cdot T^{-1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}\cdot T^{-1}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\Pi ]=L^{1}\cdot T^{-1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}\cdot T^{-1}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63a9bb9b8a6f72ae93152c5f67ffcd4555ab3e7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.545ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\Pi ]=L^{1}\cdot T^{-1}\cdot L^{-1}\cdot T^{2}\cdot T^{-1}=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>besitzt. Die Dimension <b>1</b> bleibt natürlich auch dann erhalten, wenn man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span> in beliebige Potenzen erhebt. Es ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\Pi ^{2}]=[{\sqrt {\Pi }}]=[\Pi ^{\lambda }]=1,\,\lambda \in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\Pi ^{2}]=[{\sqrt {\Pi }}]=[\Pi ^{\lambda }]=1,\,\lambda \in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d97ca651e8d981211251821261fa49d638295dc2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:35.305ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\Pi ^{2}]=[{\sqrt {\Pi }}]=[\Pi ^{\lambda }]=1,\,\lambda \in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anzahl_der_Π-Faktoren"><span id="Anzahl_der_.CE.A0-Faktoren"></span>Anzahl der Π-Faktoren</h3></div>
<p>Es sind beliebig viele Darstellungen eines einmal gefundenen Faktors möglich. Die Anzahl der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren, die <i>nicht</i> als Potenz eines vorher gefundenen Faktors oder als Produkt von in Potenzen erhobenen Faktoren geschrieben werden können, ist allerdings <i>beschränkt</i>. Über die Existenz dieser <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren in einer gewählten Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> kann gesagt werden, dass es genau <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bf46eafb626f1a3689a8bd15c8357f3808ac3bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.641ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r}" loading="lazy"></span> <b><a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">linear unabhängige</a></b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren gibt.
</p><p>Dabei sind:
</p>
<ul><li>p: Die Anzahl der dimensionslosen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren</li>
<li>n: Die Anzahl der dimensionsgebundenen Größen</li>
<li>r: Der <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formale_Vorgehensweise_für_eine_Dimensionsanalyse"><span id="Formale_Vorgehensweise_f.C3.BCr_eine_Dimensionsanalyse"></span>Formale Vorgehensweise für eine Dimensionsanalyse</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist als Dimensionsmatrix mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Zeilen für die Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c5ea190699149306d242b70439e663559e3ffbe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und 3 Spalten für 3 Dimensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{j}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{j}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6607501d77a93f3806fbb4990421973765481059.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu wählen:</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1)\quad A={\begin{pmatrix}&Y_{1}&Y_{2}&Y_{3}\\x_{1}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\x_{2}&a_{21}&\ddots &\ddots \\x_{3}&a_{31}&\ddots &\ddots \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\x_{n}&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>31</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1)\quad A={\begin{pmatrix}&Y_{1}&Y_{2}&Y_{3}\\x_{1}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\x_{2}&a_{21}&\ddots &\ddots \\x_{3}&a_{31}&\ddots &\ddots \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\x_{n}&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/908c54cdc71563e0806cd0bbe97bd21054bbaa8d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -11.505ex; width:34.281ex; height:24.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1)\quad A={\begin{pmatrix}&Y_{1}&Y_{2}&Y_{3}\\x_{1}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\x_{2}&a_{21}&\ddots &\ddots \\x_{3}&a_{31}&\ddots &\ddots \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\x_{n}&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Findet man einen Zeilenvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Spaltenanzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>, für den gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (2)\quad k\cdot A={\begin{pmatrix}k_{1}&k_{2}&k_{3}&\dots &k_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>31</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (2)\quad k\cdot A={\begin{pmatrix}k_{1}&k_{2}&k_{3}&\dots &k_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7c4d7bf21dedb84356947adfffdf2f0de116cfa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.838ex; width:71.572ex; height:20.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (2)\quad k\cdot A={\begin{pmatrix}k_{1}&k_{2}&k_{3}&\dots &k_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dann hat man mit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (3)\quad \Pi =x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (3)\quad \Pi =x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d037ee63bf0a4665856a00d9b13d4ef27d8a58c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.78ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (3)\quad \Pi =x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><i>einen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktor von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> gefunden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontrollmöglichkeiten"><span id="Kontrollm.C3.B6glichkeiten"></span>Kontrollmöglichkeiten</h3></div>
<p>Die Anzahl linear unabhängiger Zeilenvektoren, die diese Gleichung (2) erfüllen, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>. Ihre <a href="Lineare_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Lineare Unabhängigkeit">lineare Unabhängigkeit</a> beweist man, indem man zeigt, dass der Rang der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>, die man aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> gefundenen Zeilenvektoren bilden kann, ebenfalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (4)\quad \mathrm {rg} (K)={\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}=p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (4)\quad \mathrm {rg} (K)={\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}=p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2afafdacd2d2887f4fbd549c59aba3c9ace1cec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.516ex; margin-bottom: -0.322ex; width:47.976ex; height:10.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (4)\quad \mathrm {rg} (K)={\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}=p}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Multipliziert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich die <a href="Nullmatrix" title="Nullmatrix">Nullmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Anzahl der gewählten Dimensionen (hier: 3) als Spalten und der Anzahl der Vektoren als Zeilen.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (5)\quad {\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
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<mtd>
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</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>21</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>31</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋱<!-- ⋱ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
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</mtd>
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<mtd>
<mo>⋮<!-- ⋮ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (5)\quad {\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3d686ec2028636b8c54dc2c3d2f20305596a18f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.838ex; width:71.663ex; height:20.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (5)\quad {\begin{pmatrix}k_{11}&k_{12}&k_{13}&\dots &k_{1n}\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\k_{p1}&k_{p2}&k_{p3}&\dots &k_{pn}\\\end{pmatrix}}\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{21}&\ddots &\vdots \\a_{31}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\a_{n1}&a_{n2}&a_{n3}\\\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots \\0&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrixalgebra</a> ergibt sich, dass auch <b>jede beliebige <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a></b> der gefundenen Zeilenvektoren Gleichung (2) löst, und damit einen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktor darstellt. Demnach ist (5) auch für jede Matrix erfüllt, die sich aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt, indem man Zeilen mit beliebigen <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen Zahlen</a> verschieden von Null multipliziert und mit anderen Zeilen addiert oder subtrahiert. Am Rang der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ändert sich nichts. Für die Anzahl möglicher Lösungsmöglichkeiten heißt dies, dass man mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> gefundenen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren beliebig viele andere <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren bilden kann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (6)\quad \Pi =\Pi _{1}^{\lambda _{1}}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{\lambda _{2}}\cdot \quad \cdot \Pi _{p}^{\lambda _{p}},\,\lambda _{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (6)\quad \Pi =\Pi _{1}^{\lambda _{1}}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{\lambda _{2}}\cdot \quad \cdot \Pi _{p}^{\lambda _{p}},\,\lambda _{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8276b3322e7707dcd84dc32013e70712c1c95331.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.766ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (6)\quad \Pi =\Pi _{1}^{\lambda _{1}}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{\lambda _{2}}\cdot \quad \cdot \Pi _{p}^{\lambda _{p}},\,\lambda _{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei deren zugehörige Zeilenvektoren homogene Lösungen von (2) wären. Es sind allerdings weiterhin nur genau <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren, die ein <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> der Dimensionsmatrix bilden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schlussfolgerungen">Schlussfolgerungen</h3></div>
<ul><li>Mit einem beliebigen <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> sind über (6) alle existierenden Lösungen von (2) bestimmt. Dabei sind beliebig viele Lösungen darstellbar.</li>
<li>Dimensionslose Zahlenkonstanten, die oft schon Verhältnisgrößen sind, bleiben bei dieser Rechnung dimensionslos und stellen automatisch einen dimensionslosen Π-Faktor dar.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auffinden_eines_Fundamentalsystems_von_Π-Faktoren"><span id="Auffinden_eines_Fundamentalsystems_von_.CE.A0-Faktoren"></span>Auffinden eines Fundamentalsystems von Π-Faktoren</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analytisches_Vorgehen">Analytisches Vorgehen</h4></div>
<p>Eine erste Möglichkeit ein <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren zu erlangen besteht darin, die unabhängigen Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f29138ed3ad54ffce527daccadc49c520459b0b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.011ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> im Gleichungssystem, das sich aus (2) ergibt, beliebige Werte außer Null annehmen zu lassen und den Rang der Zeilenmatrix nach (4) zu prüfen. Die Anzahl der unabhängigen Variablen ist identisch mit der Anzahl der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren.
</p><p>Unabhängig oder frei wählbar sind im <a href="Gleichungssystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleichungssystem">Gleichungssystem</a> diejenigen Variablen, denen man beliebige Zahlenwerte zuweisen kann, ohne in der Lösung einen Widerspruch herbeizuführen. Eine geschickte Wahl ist es beispielsweise, immer einer unabhängigen Variablen den Zahlenwert Eins zuzuweisen und die anderen unabhängigen Variablen auf Null zu setzen. Die fehlenden abhängigen Variablen ergeben sich durch die Lösung des verbleibenden Gleichungssystems.
</p><p>Der Nachteil dieser Methode besteht jedoch darin, dass man recht wenig Einfluss auf das Aussehen dieses Fundamentalsystems hat und unter Umständen eine Vielzahl von Gleichungssystemen lösen muss.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methode_des_Erratens">Methode des Erratens</h4></div>
<p>Eine <i>zweckmäßigere Methode</i> ist es, einzelne <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren schlichtweg aus (1) zu erraten. Dazu muss man die Zeilen der Größen in der Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> „zu Null“ addieren.
</p><p>Praktisch heißt dies:
</p>
<ul><li>Will man eine Größe im <a href="Bruchrechnung" title="Bruchrechnung">Zähler</a>, muss man ihre Zeile mit „+1“ multiplizieren, andernfalls mit „−1“. <i>(Die Zeilen mit Zahlen zu multiplizieren bedeutet die Größen in die entsprechenden Potenzen zu erheben.)</i></li>
<li>Ergibt die Addition solcher Zeilen Null, besitzt man ein Potenzprodukt (wie zuvor mit der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> demonstriert).</li></ul>
<p>Diese Methode beinhaltet die Möglichkeit, das Aussehen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren zu beeinflussen. Allerdings muss man im Nachhinein den Rang der resultierenden Zeilenmatrix bestätigen, beispielsweise indem man eine nichtverschwindende Unterdeterminante findet, also zeigt, dass (4) erfüllt ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wertung_der_Methoden">Wertung der Methoden</h4></div>
<p>Meist führt das Erraten der Faktoren bei geschickter Wahl des Grundgrößensystems und übersichtlichen Verhältnissen wesentlich schneller zum Ziel als ein formales Vorgehen.
</p><p>In der Literatur zur <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> werden noch weitere Methoden zum analytischen Auffinden der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren demonstriert, um das Gleichungssystem aus (2) möglichst geschickt zu lösen, z. B. das <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsches_Eliminationsverfahren" title="Gaußsches Eliminationsverfahren">gaußsche Eliminationsverfahren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bildung_physikalisch_nützlicher_Fundamentalsysteme"><span id="Bildung_physikalisch_n.C3.BCtzlicher_Fundamentalsysteme"></span>Bildung physikalisch nützlicher Fundamentalsysteme</h4></div>
<p>Ist man zu einem <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> gelangt, befriedigt dies oftmals nicht den Wunsch nach einer physikalischen Aussagekraft der einzelnen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren. Abhilfe schafft die Anwendung von Gleichung (6).
</p><p>Durch geschicktes Kombinieren der Faktoren untereinander und ihre Erhebung in beliebige Potenzen kann leicht ein neuer, physikalisch ergiebigerer Faktor gebildet werden. Soll dieser in einem neuen Fundamentalsystem vorhanden sein, ist lediglich einer der Faktoren zu streichen, durch deren Kombination man den neuen gebildet hatte. Dadurch wird der neu erlangte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktor linear unabhängig von den restlichen. Angenommen, dass es ein Fundamentalsystem mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1aa1d0acba547b96d907e8ff85693861b271643.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren gibt, und ein neuer, aussagekräftigerer Faktor die Gestalt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=\Pi _{1}^{-1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=\Pi _{1}^{-1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dac2fa655d8f22141192db712edf586189c98998.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.448ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=\Pi _{1}^{-1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>hätte, dann wäre ein neues Fundamentalsystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/755fed99e7ff49a1b96e5dd6b9164310a2eed791.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a4867e1b20fe24fcaae8bd00dfec9eb09581627.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2},\Pi _{3},\Pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> , jedoch nicht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e6de6cc19bc430c663b7076d914ca4dcb50864f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\Pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> , da ja <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d0c39121502fad5dc1b0bacf5a9fc393844e27d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> von den ersten beiden linear abhängt.
</p><p>Für Modelluntersuchungen ist es nützlich, solche Faktoren gebildet zu haben, die immer eine charakteristische Größe enthalten, die dann nur in einem einzigen Faktor vorkommt. Dies muss nicht unbedingt möglich sein. Gleichung (6) erlaubt aber das zu prüfen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensionshomogene_Funktionen">Dimensionshomogene Funktionen</h2></div>
<p>Wenn es eine dimensionshomogene Funktion mit einem dimensionsgebundenen <a href="Funktionswert" class="mw-redirect" title="Funktionswert">Funktionswert</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, der über Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt ist, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (7)\quad y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\,\,[y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (7)\quad y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\,\,[y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55820a54a64677e32e38a0cd059813483c4f8a02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:55.691ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (7)\quad y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\,\,[y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dann findet sich <i>immer</i> ein Potenzprodukt derart, dass sich schreiben lässt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (8)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (8)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/203c45e884ace67a864ff7d8043e8237e509621d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:57.564ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (8)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}={\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}},\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[{\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[{\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d983a457685ef0cb40244690a0d55ab3a6e9fbd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:49.74ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[{\frac {f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Jede physikalische Formel und insbesondere ihr an eine Einheit gebundener Funktionswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> lassen sich also über Potenzerhebung der in der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> enthaltenen Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> dimensionslos darstellen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aussagen_des_Π-Theorems"><span id="Aussagen_des_.CE.A0-Theorems"></span>Aussagen des Π-Theorems</h3></div>
<p>Das so genannte <a href="Buckinghamsches_%CE%A0-Theorem" title="Buckinghamsches Π-Theorem"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Theorem</a> <i>(in der Literatur auch oft <b>Buckingham-Theorem</b>)</i>, leitet einen Schritt weiter. Seine Hauptaussage ist, dass sich jede dimensionsgebundene Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\quad [y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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</mrow>
</msub>
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<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\quad [y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1a2da32d6e9f6b4cd4d2d5b0c44fcb9cd67ffc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.945ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n});\quad [y]=[f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})]\neq 1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in die Form von
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (9)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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<mi>n</mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
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<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (9)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c6f47faa751a04304f0e29446d9ae43c77b5741.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:45.118ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (9)\quad {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})\right]=1,\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,\,p\,{\text{wie vorher}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</mrow>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wie vorher</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})\right]=1,\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,\,p\,{\text{wie vorher}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf6c529051d618434e444a5df8286428a6a5c5ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:73.754ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left[{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right]=\left[G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})\right]=1,\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0,\,p\,{\text{wie vorher}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>überführen lässt und damit nur aus dimensionslosen Potenzprodukten (und Zahlenkonstanten) aufgebaut ist. Dabei kann es sein, dass es mehrere Möglichkeiten gibt, die linke Seite der Gleichung in dimensionsloser Form darzustellen. Gelegentlich wird in der Literatur die linke Seite ebenfalls als Π-Faktor bezeichnet. Dies ist legitim, aber nicht konsequent, denn durch die Trennung in linke und rechte Seite erhält man die präzisere Aussage
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}-G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}-G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ca3aacabea25b3d16708af3ae0cd43dd6eb3aca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:43.826ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}-G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p})=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an Stelle von
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\left(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p},{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\left(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p},{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/514b046adc53af200a84a69cb15d0472c13abe47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:44.193ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\left(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p},{\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \dots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Bedeutung des Theorems liegt darin, dass eine Aussage über den funktionalen Zusammenhang dimensionsbehafteter physikalischer Größen gemacht werden kann, der sich vielleicht nicht explizit formelmäßig angeben lässt. Dies gilt für viele komplexe Sachverhalte in der Natur (z. B. <a href="Turbulente_Str%C3%B6mung" title="Turbulente Strömung">Turbulenz</a>, <a href="K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1nsche_Wirbelstra%C3%9Fe" title="Kármánsche Wirbelstraße">Kármánsche Wirbelstraße</a>).
Da Größen nur noch in bestimmten Relationen, den vorgestellten Π-Faktoren, zueinander auftreten können, erreicht man gleichzeitig eine nützliche Reduktion der Funktionsvariablen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> gegenüber denen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn es gilt wiederum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bf46eafb626f1a3689a8bd15c8357f3808ac3bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.641ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schlussfolgerungen_2">Schlussfolgerungen</h3></div>
<p>Ist die Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> der Π-Faktoren klar, dann gilt:
</p>
<ul><li>Bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3e6ac10fa45fb984d886065f959a6bdd467b5e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.52ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der gesuchte funktionale Zusammenhang bis auf eine Proportionalitätskonstante bestimmt.</li>
<li>Existieren einer oder mehrere Faktoren (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dffb51e20581d50c3012634fd9f7b059a68c1c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.52ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p>0}" loading="lazy"></span>), dann kann ein funktionaler Zusammenhang, etwa aus experimentellen Ergebnissen oder durch pure Intuition, nur erraten werden. Explizit herleiten lässt er sich nicht.</li></ul>
<p>Häufig trifft im zweiten Fall der Produktansatz nach Rayleigh zu, also dass die gefundenen Π-Faktoren miteinander multipliziert und in eine entsprechende, oft ganzzahlige Potenz erhöht, das gesuchte Endergebnis liefern.
</p><p>Es lassen sich noch zwei allgemeinere Schlussfolgerungen ziehen:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Satz 1:</b> <i>Wenn eine Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc83e1ad0eaf733b246521d51f5880901c563a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.432ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht dazu benötigt wird, auf ein <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> von Π-Faktoren zu gelangen oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> dimensionslos zu machen, dann hängt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> entweder nicht von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc83e1ad0eaf733b246521d51f5880901c563a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.432ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, oder der gedachte funktionale Zusammenhang muss um mindestens eine weitere Größe erweitert werden.</i></li>
<li><b>Satz 2:</b> <i>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> durch kein Potenzprodukt aus den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> dimensionslos gemacht werden kann, dann ist die Dimensionsmatrix unvollständig oder falsch.</i></li></ul>
<p>Das bedeutet, dass man in jedem Falle bei dimensionsbehafteten Gleichungen, was physikalische Formeln immer sind,
zu einer vorteilhaften, dimensionslosen Darstellung gelangen kann, in der die Einheiten der Größen keine Rolle spielen.
</p><p>Diese fundamentalen Prinzipien sind bedeutsam für die gesamte Physik.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vektoren_und_Tensoren">Vektoren und Tensoren</h2></div>
<p>An ihre Grenzen stößt die Dimensionsanalyse, wenn nicht nur <a href="Skalar_(Mathematik)" title="Skalar (Mathematik)">skalare Größen</a> wie Druck oder Temperatur oder eindimensionale, gerade Bewegungsvorgänge behandelt werden, sondern <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> und <a href="Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensoren</a> ins Spiel kommen.
</p><p>Da nur eine physikalische Dimension der Länge zur Verfügung steht, für die Beschreibung von räumlichen Vorgängen aber ein <a href="Dreidimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreidimensional">dreidimensionales</a> <a href="Kartesisches_Koordinatensystem" title="Kartesisches Koordinatensystem">kartesisches Koordinatensystem</a> nötig ist (wobei Vektoren ins Spiel kommen), müsste für den zweidimensionalen <a href="Wurfparabel" title="Wurfparabel">Parabelflug</a> einer Kanonenkugel etwa deren zeitabhängige Höhe und Weite getrennt untersucht werden. Dies schließt nicht aus, dass man über die Kenntnis von Symmetrien in beiden Formeln und dem nötigen Hintergrundwissen die eine gültige <a href="Bestimmungsgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestimmungsgleichung">Bestimmungsgleichung</a> für den Flug innerhalb eines rechtwinkligen und unbewegten Koordinatensystems herleiten kann. Wird die Kugel zusätzlich noch durch Seitenwind abgelenkt, und das Problem damit dreidimensional, steigt die zu erfassende Komplexität weiter.
</p><p>Der scheinbare Widerspruch zwischen den drei Dimensionen des Raumes und der einen zur Verfügung stehenden Dimension der Länge löst sich auf, wenn man diese Längendimension gedanklich in einem mitwandernden Koordinatensystem an der Flugkurve selbst ausrichtet. Folgt man der Bahn, ist die Kurve und die Kugelgeschwindigkeit eindimensional. Die Dimensionsanalyse ist also durchaus gültig. Die Bahngeschwindigkeit entlang der Kurve lässt sich eindimensional, nämlich über den Betrag des Geschwindigkeitsvektors, erfassen. Dies ist nur für einen unbewegten Beobachter wenig hilfreich, der nicht nur Kenntnis über Beträge der Geschwindigkeit oder den zurückgelegten Weg der Kugel, sondern auch über die Richtung der Geschwindigkeit und die Kugelposition im Raum erlangen möchte.
</p><p>Ähnliches gilt etwa für dreidimensionale Spannungszustände (etwa bei Untersuchung von Materialfestigkeiten), die mit einem <a href="Spannungstensor" title="Spannungstensor">Spannungstensor</a> erfasst werden müssten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Übergang_zur_Modelltheorie"><span id=".C3.9Cbergang_zur_Modelltheorie"></span>Übergang zur Modelltheorie</h2></div>
<p>Die dritte wichtige Schlussfolgerung, die das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Theorem in der experimentellen Versuchstechnik bedeutsam macht, ist diejenige:
</p>
<ul><li><b>Satz 3:</b> <i>Wenn in der dimensionslosen Funktionsgleichung</i></li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3506a19a1f5f27e4ca380755d0af85e85bf794aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:52.035ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdot x_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdot \ldots \cdot x_{n}^{k_{n}}}}=G(\Pi _{1},\Pi _{2},\dots ,\Pi _{p}),\,k_{i}\in \mathbb {R} \neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> <i>alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed3e3db6cc2028a183af948212ed2551d25c954.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi }" loading="lazy"></span>-Faktoren auf der rechten Seite der Gleichung konstant gehalten werden, dann wird auch das dimensionslose Funktionsergebnis auf der linken Seite immer dasselbe sein.</i></dd></dl>
<p><i>Satz 3</i> ist entscheidend für die gesamte <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeitstheorie" title="Ähnlichkeitstheorie">Ähnlichkeitstheorie</a>. Alle Randbedingungen, die in realistischen Modellversuchen zu wählen sind, gehen hieraus hervor (s. <i>vollständige und teilweise Modellähnlichkeit</i>).
</p><p>Als Beispiel für einen in Modellversuchen bedeutenden Π-Faktor sei die <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a> genannt. Diese ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot L}{\mu }}={\frac {v\cdot L}{\nu }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot L}{\mu }}={\frac {v\cdot L}{\nu }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/942d74b6fa856ab3a7dc27553594128ae4b04485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.377ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot L}{\mu }}={\frac {v\cdot L}{\nu }}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =\nu \cdot \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =\nu \cdot \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/408e6addae311c21794244f59e17ce3eccc3b300.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =\nu \cdot \rho }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da in die <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a> eine geometrische Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>, die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> und die <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Viskosität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> eingehen, ist es möglich, maßstabsgetreue kleinere Modelle (etwa <a href="Flugzeug" title="Flugzeug">Flugzeuge</a> im Strömungskanal) zu untersuchen, und dennoch ein korrektes Ergebnis auf der linken Seite der obigen dimensionslosen Funktionsgleichung zu erhalten, indem man bei der Untersuchung des Modells <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> und/oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c15bbbb971240cf328aba572178f091684585468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.232ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu }" loading="lazy"></span> anpasst.
</p><p>Bei vielen Problemstellungen tauchen dieselben charakteristischen Π-Faktoren wiederkehrend auf. So sind viele, unter dem Stichwort <a href="Dimensionslose_Kennzahl" title="Dimensionslose Kennzahl">dimensionslose Kennzahl</a>, nach ihren Entdeckern und Erforschern benannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vollständige_und_teilweise_Modellähnlichkeit"><span id="Vollst.C3.A4ndige_und_teilweise_Modell.C3.A4hnlichkeit"></span>Vollständige und teilweise Modellähnlichkeit</h3></div>
<p>Wenn es gelingt, alle Π-Faktoren in einem physikalisch interessierenden Wertebereich konstant zu halten, spricht man von <i>vollständiger Modellähnlichkeit</i>, ansonsten von <i>teilweiser Modellähnlichkeit</i>.
</p><p>Oftmals glückt die vollständige Modellähnlichkeit allerdings nicht, und man ist gezwungen, den mehr oder weniger großen Nebeneffekt auf das letztendliche Messergebnis abzuschätzen. Nebeneffekte können auch anderweitig auftreten, nämlich wenn eine Größe, deren Einfluss auf den Prototyp belanglos wäre, das Modell unerwünscht stark beeinflusst (s. <a href="Froude-Zahl" title="Froude-Zahl">Froude-Zahl</a> im <a href="Schiffsmodell" title="Schiffsmodell">Schiffsmodell</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modellgesetze">Modellgesetze</h3></div>
<p>Über die Gleichsetzung der Π-Faktoren von Modell und Prototyp ergeben sich <b>Modellgesetze</b>. Variiert man in der <a href="Reynoldszahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynoldszahl">Reynoldszahl</a> des Modells gegenüber dem Prototyp die Länge, kann man dies, wie oben erklärt, durch Anpassung der <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Viskosität</a> und/oder der Geschwindigkeit ausgleichen.
</p><p>Um die Modellgesetze in eine vorteilhafte Form zu bringen, ist man immer bestrebt, nur diejenigen Größen in die Π-Faktoren zu übernehmen, die man auch im Modell variieren kann und nicht diejenigen, die sich aus der Konsequenz dieser Variation ergeben würden. Die praktisch sinnvollste Form erreicht man, wenn es möglich ist, diese Gleichungen derart zu schreiben, dass beim Einsetzen der Größenwerte des Prototyps immer eine eindeutige Aussage über eine einzelne Versuchseinstellung im Modell möglich ist. Also dergestalt, dass sich bei jeder Änderung der Ausgangssituation im Prototyp immer die erforderliche Versuchseinstellung im Modell offenbart.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modellversuche">Modellversuche</h3></div>
<p>Ein nicht zu unterschätzender Vorteil liegt überdies noch darin, in einem Modellversuch nicht mehr alle einfließenden Größen einzeln variieren zu müssen, sondern nur noch die aus ihnen gebildeten, und von der Anzahl her geringeren, Π-Faktoren. Auch für die Darstellung der späteren Versuchsergebnisse ist dies von entscheidender Bedeutung. Indem man nur noch Π-Faktoren statt einzelner, dimensionsbehafteter, Größen aufträgt, gelangt man zu einer wesentlich knapperen und übersichtlicheren Veranschaulichung der Messgrößen (man spart Dimensionen). Alle <a href="Diagramm" title="Diagramm">Diagramme</a>, in denen die Achsen dimensionslos dargestellt sind, basieren auf der Grundlage der Dimensionsanalyse.
</p><p>Beim Bau eines Modells und der späteren Versuchsdurchführung muss man sorgfältig alle relevanten Größen im Voraus überlegen. Nur über die richtigen Parameter gelangt man auf die richtigen oder einen vollständigen Satz von Π-Faktoren und kann eine realistische Simulation durchführen. Bei Auswahl zu vieler Größen, die möglicherweise nur geringe Bedeutung auf die <a href="Messung" title="Messung">Messung</a> haben, steigt jedoch die Anzahl der Versuche gewaltig. Dies erfordert physikalischen Sachverstand.
</p><p>Vielleicht stellt sich im Nachhinein heraus, dass eine Größe, der man eine Bedeutung zugedacht hatte, wesentlich weniger Einfluss auf das Ergebnis hat als angenommen. Falls diese Größe nur in einem einzigen Faktor vorkommt, ist es möglich, diesen zu streichen. Ansonsten empfiehlt es sich, mit einem neuen Satz von Größen die Dimensionsmatrix zu bilden und ein passendes <a href="Fundamentalsystem_(Mathematik)" title="Fundamentalsystem (Mathematik)">Fundamentalsystem</a> zu finden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Um die Anwendung der Formeln aus den vorhergehenden Kapiteln zu demonstrieren, folgen einige Rechenbeispiele.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galileis_Fallgesetz">Galileis Fallgesetz</h3></div>
<p>Zunächst sei fälschlicherweise angenommen, dass im <a href="Fallgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallgesetz">Fallgesetz</a> von <a href="Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> der Fallweg <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> neben der <a href="Fallbeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallbeschleunigung">Fallbeschleunigung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> und Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> auch von der <a href="Masse_(Physik)" title="Masse (Physik)">Masse</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> des fallenden Körpers abhinge, also:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f38bfd10a9d8e819e4ebe237120763ea7c0823f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.728ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die zugeordnete Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> lautet in ausführlicher Schreibweise
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\g&0&1&-2\\t&0&0&1\\m&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>m</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\g&0&1&-2\\t&0&0&1\\m&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1671417c18eb682c946fce6a9dfd8a65f1087c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:25.784ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\g&0&1&-2\\t&0&0&1\\m&1&0&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw. in mathematisch exakter Formulierung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-2\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-2\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84cb8a22ec4c374974cd9904ffce8b2e61caf5c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:20.247ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-2\\0&0&1\\1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da alle Zeilenvektoren von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> linear unabhängig sind, ergibt sich der Rang zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {rg} (A)=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {rg} (A)=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ef32637943aa9a865334c7d184726494007c0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.887ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {rg} (A)=3}" loading="lazy"></span>; es existieren keine Π-Faktoren, denn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=r=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=r=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3b3fad1c3f6591bc653cc3d92dbb045352edfc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.803ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=r=3}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25545dc278dcb47816fd82b721a770ea3bec0c87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:13.902ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es kann nur gelten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{gt^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>const.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{gt^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5afacb7b13db103199c43fb6aa29aba99addbf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:12.9ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{gt^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Ansatz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/671cc1a5a369c933d0787cf5c1c42a13c844f49a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.341ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=f(g,t,m)}" loading="lazy"></span> kann nicht dimensionslos gemacht werden und ist folglich physikalisch nicht korrekt. Eine Abhängigkeit des Fallwegs von der Masse führt erst dann zu einer richtigen Beschreibung, wenn die <a href="Luft" title="Luft">Luft</a> berücksichtigt wird. Denn die für die bremsende <a href="Luftwiderstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwiderstand">Reibung</a> verantwortliche <a href="Luftdichte" title="Luftdichte">Luftdichte</a> enthält die Dimension der Masse.
</p><p>Galilei stand die <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Differentialrechnung</a> nicht zur Verfügung. Ihm war unbekannt, dass die Fallgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> die zeitliche Ableitung des Fallwegs <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Zeitweilig nahm er an, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\sim v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\sim v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3ef1f4ef73a7972876844e0093100ab4720912c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.317ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\sim v}" loading="lazy"></span>. Hätte er sich der Dimensionsanalyse bedient, wäre klar gewesen, dass der Ansatz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=f(v,g)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=f(v,g)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f9bdf4043798edf848d32fcbc75965534a43737.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.554ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=f(v,g)}" loading="lazy"></span> zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {sg}{v^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>const.</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {sg}{v^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/16b2432084ffbe22ce8a12495ec858a07aea7e54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.096ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {sg}{v^{2}}}={\text{const.}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>führt und dies ohne Kenntnis der Differentialrechnung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eulers_Knickstab">Eulers Knickstab</h3></div>
<p>Vertikal belastete Stäbe einer bestimmten Länge sind <a href="Knicken" title="Knicken">knickgefährdet</a>, d. h. ihr Versagen erfolgt häufig, bevor die eigentliche Bruchlast des Querschnitts erreicht ist. Die so genannte Knicklast <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> eines solchen Stabes mit Rechteckquerschnitt hängt vom <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul" title="Elastizitätsmodul">Elastizitätsmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>, seiner Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span>, seiner Querschnittshöhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}" loading="lazy"></span>, seiner Querschnittsdicke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Lagerbedingungen an den Enden ab:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=f(E,l,h,d)\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=f(E,l,h,d)\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/980e2128a5bf04ea423076fcc4f6993e8686c583.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.44ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=f(E,l,h,d)\,}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> für den zweiten Fall der nebenstehenden Abbildung ergibt sich für ein {F,L,T}-System in ausführlicher Schreibweise zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\E&1&-2&0\\l&0&1&0\\h&0&1&0\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>E</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>l</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>h</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>d</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\E&1&-2&0\\l&0&1&0\\h&0&1&0\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cceb77d0b5d64dc01274603206c0434f2dbdb92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:24.916ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {F} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\E&1&-2&0\\l&0&1&0\\h&0&1&0\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw. in mathematisch exakter Formulierung zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&-2&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&-2&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b2cb2dc87bc909d3baccebc75b8d78fb3077e61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:19.601ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}1&-2&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Der Rang von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r:=\mathrm {rg} (A)=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r:=\mathrm {rg} (A)=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8378a9987fad6d9f6ff2b7f0062673503503dc33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r:=\mathrm {rg} (A)=2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Anzahl der Π-Faktoren ergibt sich mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d928ec15aeef83aade867992ee473933adb6139d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=4}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c19b110d7eb52a69381b88554e63c8a2aef376c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.31ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=2}" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45a4aba7c7d2bfda15a0d8bf96aa3553830a7a06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:13.902ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r=2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bei diesen beiden leicht zu erratenden Π-Faktoren handelt es sich um die so genannten geometrischen Ähnlichkeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}=hl^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}=hl^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46583b0417bc8d7e27daca1f7975eccbbb82f2f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.261ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}=hl^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}=hd^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}=hd^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f152ead9581cf91cf9ade27f24c23c852ffc559.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.786ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}=hd^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für dimensionsloses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> muss
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {h}{d}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {h}{d}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c85d416ee3c981c38b8454b8a04860d7621b4cc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.156ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {h}{d}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gelten, womit die Dimensionsanalyse gezeigt hat, dass man in Laborversuchen lediglich die so genannte Schlankheit des Stabes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle hl^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle hl^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c9175c0dd4c010be99d58e026c73ad4d113af59b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.365ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle hl^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und das Seitenverhältnis des Querschnitts <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle hd^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>h</mi>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle hd^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fa640cd7213e9864759d4f3cd4e02e064445d24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.89ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle hd^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> variieren muss, um für beliebige E-Moduln von Rechteckstäben deren Knicklast zu erhalten.
</p><p>Nach Gleichung 6 im Abschnitt <i>Existenz und Anzahl von Π-Faktoren</i> lässt sich ein weiterer Π-Faktor bilden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=\Pi _{1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{-1}={\frac {h}{l}}\cdot {\frac {1}{\frac {h}{d}}}={\frac {d}{l}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=\Pi _{1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{-1}={\frac {h}{l}}\cdot {\frac {1}{\frac {h}{d}}}={\frac {d}{l}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebe5f2a73adcab31c49f1999fb39509d663fe83c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:29.17ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=\Pi _{1}\cdot \Pi _{2}^{-1}={\frac {h}{l}}\cdot {\frac {1}{\frac {h}{d}}}={\frac {d}{l}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Mithilfe dieses Faktors liefert die Dimensionsanalyse die gleichwertige Beziehung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {d}{l}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {d}{l}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b894606e70eea835d6e91bcaf4dfdc02a39edd96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.033ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {h}{l}},{\frac {d}{l}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Häufig liegt es nahe, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> als ein Produkt der Π-Faktoren anzusetzen. Für dieses Beispiel gelangt man damit zur Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=C\cdot \left({\frac {h}{l}}\right)^{3}\cdot {\frac {d}{l}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=C\cdot \left({\frac {h}{l}}\right)^{3}\cdot {\frac {d}{l}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6eacbf2cf8e1bfd5418dff47932026ba7a15f32b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.964ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{E\cdot l^{2}}}=C\cdot \left({\frac {h}{l}}\right)^{3}\cdot {\frac {d}{l}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>die der exakten, von <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> aufgestellten Beziehung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{12}}\cdot {\frac {E\cdot h^{3}\cdot d}{l^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mn>12</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>l</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{12}}\cdot {\frac {E\cdot h^{3}\cdot d}{l^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af70e8dbbe5169c07ddbd7933c3a7b5bdf9747a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.322ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{12}}\cdot {\frac {E\cdot h^{3}\cdot d}{l^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>analog, d. h. von gleicher funktionaler Gestalt ist. Die Knicklast lässt sich in Versuchen an Stäben beliebiger Länge und Elastizität, und nicht nur auf die Rechteckform beschränkt, leicht verifizieren und in Diagrammform dargestellten. Die Kenntnis geschlossener Formeln, wie etwa der von Euler, ist nicht nötig. Bemerkenswert ist die gewonnene Erkenntnis, dass Elastizitätsmodul und Länge eines feststehenden Querschnitts für einen Knickversuch prinzipiell frei wählbar sind. Die Proportionalität zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>l</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/829091f745070b9eb97a80244129025440a1cfac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nach der Dimensionsanalyse bekannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Fluiden_umströmte_Körper"><span id="In_Fluiden_umstr.C3.B6mte_K.C3.B6rper"></span>In Fluiden umströmte Körper</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strömungswiderstand_einer_Kugel"><span id="Str.C3.B6mungswiderstand_einer_Kugel"></span>Strömungswiderstand einer Kugel</h4></div>
<p>Das Standardproblem in der Anfangszeit der Strömungsmechanik war die Bestimmung des Widerstands eines in einem <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluid</a> umströmten Körpers. Dieses lässt sich mit Hilfe der Dimensionsanalyse erfassen.
</p><p>Die Widerstandskraft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a> und jedes anderen Körpers hängt von seiner Form, hier präzisiert durch den Kugeldurchmesser <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span>, der <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span>, mit der er sich im Fluid bewegt, der
<a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> des Mediums und dessen dynamischer <a href="Z%C3%A4higkeit" title="Zähigkeit">Zähigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> ab.
</p>
<p>Gesucht ist der funktionale Zusammenhang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,d)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,d)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3d981b66643af8884574ad762e352ce2e39202c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.976ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,d)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem {M,L,T}-System ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>d</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>bzw.</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ad2f4fc0b06f7a47bd3802574974588685c04aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.338ex; width:53.341ex; height:15.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\d&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist 3. Es gibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r=4-3=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r=4-3=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a2b69d8493e532d8b6c2a5f4bf59032cc3bdf32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:22.166ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r=4-3=1}" loading="lazy"></span> Π-Faktor, die berühmte <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a>, benannt nach dem Erkenner dieses Prinzips, <a href="Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> und damit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{\rho \cdot v^{2}\cdot d^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {v\cdot d\cdot \rho }{\mu }}\right)=G(Re)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{\rho \cdot v^{2}\cdot d^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {v\cdot d\cdot \rho }{\mu }}\right)=G(Re)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8881b929d66cb646d5354bdb429c15e921c65d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.906ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{\rho \cdot v^{2}\cdot d^{2}}}=G\left({\frac {v\cdot d\cdot \rho }{\mu }}\right)=G(Re)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(Re)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(Re)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59354cbd19d4c8125924b6ca22ddf070dabd7daa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.484ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(Re)}" loading="lazy"></span> wird üblicherweise mit sinnvoll erscheinenden Zahlenkonstanten zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{D}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{D}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0d15598a7c5085c97643aeaa00dcaa98a23975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.255ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{D}}" loading="lazy"></span> umformuliert, wobei die Konvention ist, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef0309e83b9f8917fb33be7c0c04fd6d871a4135.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.272ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die Stirnfläche des Körpers ersetzt wird und der Proportionalitätsfaktor 1/2 aus dem <a href="Staudruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Staudruck">Staudruck</a> zugefügt wird. Auch mit dieser Umformulierung gilt der Zusammenhang
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{D}=C_{D}(Re)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{D}=C_{D}(Re)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5190cca61de671a1956bc8aa86427b83689de9fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.265ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{D}=C_{D}(Re)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Die gesuchte Widerstandskraft ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=C_{D}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}\cdot {\frac {d^{2}\pi }{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=C_{D}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}\cdot {\frac {d^{2}\pi }{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5de1accd4415a58ac1549ad75d6ce83fb80fea7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.275ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=C_{D}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}\rho v^{2}\cdot {\frac {d^{2}\pi }{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{D}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{D}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0d15598a7c5085c97643aeaa00dcaa98a23975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.255ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{D}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird als <a href="Str%C3%B6mungswiderstandskoeffizient" title="Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient">Strömungswiderstandskoeffizient</a> bezeichnet. Er kann durch Versuche bestimmt werden und ist, wie im dimensionslosen Diagramm zu erkennen, geschwindigkeitsabhängig und keinesfalls konstant. Mit dem durch Messungen ermittelten Zusammenhang zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{D}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{D}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0d15598a7c5085c97643aeaa00dcaa98a23975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.255ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{D}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7ba59809cce2a462090aeddadf658ad4b841fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re}" loading="lazy"></span> kann auf Kugeln mit anderem Durchmesser d und andere Fluide umgerechnet werden.
</p><p>Zu Beginn bei niedrigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7ba59809cce2a462090aeddadf658ad4b841fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt das analytisch schwer herzuleitende lineare <a href="Stokes-Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes-Gesetz">Stokes-Gesetz</a>. Anschließend, bei höheren Geschwindigkeiten, variiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{D}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{D}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0d15598a7c5085c97643aeaa00dcaa98a23975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.255ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{D}}" loading="lazy"></span>, bedingt durch Wirbelbildung auf der Kugelrückseite. Ähnliche Diagramme lassen sich mit Versuchen für beliebige geometrische Formen und Körper ermitteln.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modelle_von_Schiffen">Modelle von Schiffen</h4></div>
<p>Ein <a href="Schiff" title="Schiff">Schiff</a> wird als Modell im kleinen <a href="Ma%C3%9Fstab_(Verh%C3%A4ltnis)" title="Maßstab (Verhältnis)">Maßstab</a> 1:100 untersucht.
</p><p>Der Prototyp, also das echte Schiff, besitzt die Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span>. Sein <a href="Tiefgang" title="Tiefgang">Tiefgang</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> und es fährt mit der <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Das <a href="Wasser" title="Wasser">Wasser</a> besitzt die <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> und die dynamische <a href="Z%C3%A4higkeit" title="Zähigkeit">Zähigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Der Vorgang unterliegt der <a href="Erdbeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdbeschleunigung">Erdbeschleunigung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span>, denn an der Wasseroberfläche entstehen dem Gesetz der <a href="Schwerkraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwerkraft">Schwerkraft</a> unterliegende Wellen. Das Wasser ist ausreichend tief gegenüber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Untersucht wird der Strömungswiderstand in Fahrtrichtung, gemessen durch eine <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span>.
In die Dimensionsmatrix dürfen nur unabhängige Variablen eingehen. Da etwa die <a href="Wichte" title="Wichte">Wichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =\rho \cdot g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =\rho \cdot g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39c79adcd46aa030494c0f65d8df50c86c33c30c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.358ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =\rho \cdot g}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, sind als Eingangsgrößen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> nur zwei dieser drei Variablen zulässig.
</p><p>Gesucht wird der funktionale Zusammenhang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=f(v,g,\rho ,\mu ,L,D,t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=f(v,g,\rho ,\mu ,L,D,t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc2e8db072d51940096649c83405db7233cdc807.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.325ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=f(v,g,\rho ,\mu ,L,D,t)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Die Dimensionsmatrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem {M,L,T}-System stellt sich dar als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\g&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\L&0&1&0\\D&0&1&0\\t&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\0&1&-2\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>v</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>g</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>L</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>D</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>bzw.</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\g&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\L&0&1&0\\D&0&1&0\\t&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\0&1&-2\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ed51c0eb83d19120b680732652761cbdd6360ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -12.338ex; width:54.25ex; height:25.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\v&0&1&-1\\g&0&1&-2\\\rho &1&-3&0\\\mu &1&-1&-1\\L&0&1&0\\D&0&1&0\\t&0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}\,\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\0&1&-2\\1&-3&0\\1&-1&-1\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&1&0\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Rang</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist 3. Für die Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> der Π-Faktoren gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r=7-3=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r=7-3=4}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/41d5de79078d3673d8fd7358a8594bd9e3eb0550.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:22.166ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r=7-3=4}" loading="lazy"></span>. Mit Erfahrung in der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> errät man:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77fd7f80a9e054a37d0ba3691549a051ee013c41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.043ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8168a211f1555a315501a1b6ea3eed7cb672a494.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.043ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> , <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a16a22ef72343ca746a377bfe4f30171dd858f5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.677ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0160edd2e9f48227be0164e3f1d14d8a53c0610.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.339ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}=Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aab5a28da997de9084eef3e569bd1e072efc1aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10e0f32ab9da5560199913701cfdb210e7b32736.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind geometrische Ähnlichkeiten. Maßstabsgetreu wiedergegebene Rundungen der Schiffsform werden vorausgesetzt.
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a15b3df6676e9a1a11021bfcdca5700f9049a89a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d0c39121502fad5dc1b0bacf5a9fc393844e27d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Froude-Zahl" title="Froude-Zahl">Froude-Zahl</a>.
</p><p>Der dimensionslose Zusammenhang
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{g\cdot \rho \cdot L\cdot D\cdot t}}=G\left({\frac {L}{D}},{\frac {t}{D}},Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }},Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{g\cdot \rho \cdot L\cdot D\cdot t}}=G\left({\frac {L}{D}},{\frac {t}{D}},Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }},Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3846670166cb77161bee406fb3a53b9dc4c29de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:57.411ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{g\cdot \rho \cdot L\cdot D\cdot t}}=G\left({\frac {L}{D}},{\frac {t}{D}},Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }},Fr={\frac {v^{2}}{g\cdot D}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist gültig.
</p><p>Vollständige Modellähnlichkeit ist erreicht, wenn alle Π-Faktoren in Modell und Prototyp konstant gehalten werden können. Bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aab5a28da997de9084eef3e569bd1e072efc1aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10e0f32ab9da5560199913701cfdb210e7b32736.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dies trivial.
Im Wasser bleiben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> unverändert. Die Konstanz der <a href="Reynolds-Zahl" title="Reynolds-Zahl">Reynolds-Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7ba59809cce2a462090aeddadf658ad4b841fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re}" loading="lazy"></span> erfordert die Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> um den Maßstabsfaktor 100 zu vergrößern, da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> um 100 verkleinert wurde.
</p>
<ul><li><b>Dilemma:</b> In die <a href="Froude-Zahl" title="Froude-Zahl">Froude-Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Fr}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Fr}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ee418eba0739c49e861e127d14d63c54d1dab50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.789ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Fr}" loading="lazy"></span> geht die Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> im Quadrat ein. Für die Konstanz von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Fr}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Fr}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ee418eba0739c49e861e127d14d63c54d1dab50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.789ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Fr}" loading="lazy"></span> wäre die <a href="Erdbeschleunigung" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdbeschleunigung">Erdbeschleunigung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> anzupassen, was ohne <a href="Zentrifuge" title="Zentrifuge">Zentrifuge</a> auf der Erde nicht realisierbar ist. Vollständige Modellähnlichkeit ist nicht zu erreichen, nur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7ba59809cce2a462090aeddadf658ad4b841fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Fr}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Fr}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ee418eba0739c49e861e127d14d63c54d1dab50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.789ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Fr}" loading="lazy"></span> können konstant sein. Alternativ kann das Modell in einer anderen <a href="Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit">Flüssigkeit</a> mit entsprechender <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> und <a href="Z%C3%A4higkeit" title="Zähigkeit">Zähigkeit</a> untersucht werden.</li>
<li><b>Fazit:</b> Spielt sowohl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Fr}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Fr}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ee418eba0739c49e861e127d14d63c54d1dab50.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.789ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Fr}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Re}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Re}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7ba59809cce2a462090aeddadf658ad4b841fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Re}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Rolle, wird im Regelfall keine vollständige Modellähnlichkeit erreicht. Sehr kleine Modelle verlangen außerdem große Anströmgeschwindigkeiten. Viele Modelle sind deshalb nur realistisch, wenn sie entsprechend groß sind.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modelle_von_Flugzeugen_und_U-Booten">Modelle von Flugzeugen und U-Booten</h4></div>
<p>Bei Strömungsvorgängen, in denen die freie Oberfläche des <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluids</a> keine Rolle spielt, ist die Froude-Zahl mangels Oberflächenwellenbildung nicht relevant. Modelle von <a href="U-Boot" title="U-Boot">U-Booten</a> oder <a href="Flugzeug" title="Flugzeug">Flugzeugen</a> (unterhalb der <a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a>) können im Prinzip bei vollständiger Modellähnlichkeit untersucht werden. Entscheidend ist nur die Reynolds-Zahl.
</p><p>Um riesige, nicht realisierbare Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten im Windkanal zu umgehen, werden Flugzeugmodelle oft in dichteren Medien angeströmt. Bewegt sich ein Objekt so schnell, dass der <a href="Kompressionsmodul" title="Kompressionsmodul">Kompressionsmodul</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> des Fluids von Belang ist, kommt die <a href="Mach-Zahl" title="Mach-Zahl">Mach-Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5606ce3876a9622cce500e07a45fbf275369608a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.074ex; width:3.347ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ins Spiel. Dann gilt die Beziehung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,K,L,D,T)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,K,L,D,T)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/462883b58bdce2a48e71b04ab4856d99a5620ff9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.071ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=f(v,\rho ,\mu ,K,L,D,T)}" loading="lazy"></span>. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> sind charakteristische Abmessungen. Ergebnis sind drei bereits bekannte und ein neuer Π-Faktor:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77fd7f80a9e054a37d0ba3691549a051ee013c41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.043ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}={\frac {L}{D}}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8168a211f1555a315501a1b6ea3eed7cb672a494.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.043ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}={\frac {t}{D}}\,}" loading="lazy"></span> , <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a16a22ef72343ca746a377bfe4f30171dd858f5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.677ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{3}=Re={\frac {\rho \cdot v\cdot D}{\mu }}\,}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}={\mathit {Ma}}={\frac {v}{\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Π<!-- Π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>v</mi>
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}={\mathit {Ma}}={\frac {v}{\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/832698db5754202335adb1c434978052553fcb26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:17.724ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi _{4}={\mathit {Ma}}={\frac {v}{\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Nenner von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5606ce3876a9622cce500e07a45fbf275369608a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.074ex; width:3.347ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Geschwindigkeit von <a href="Longitudinalwelle" title="Longitudinalwelle">Longitudinalwellen</a> in elastischen Medien, in Luft die sogenannte <a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a>. Die Mach-Zahl ist für Tragflügel ab Werten von etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/869c3685dc546bdc7ad872e5d077c7c64591d38f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.343ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}3}" loading="lazy"></span> von Einfluss, ab ca. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b628b043a2ad8479991ae6ec87aa8a99f7ed3165.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.343ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {Ma}}=0{,}8}" loading="lazy"></span> (Auftreten von Verdichtungsstößen) nimmt dieser stark zu. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ist in Gasen stark druckabhängig.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energie_des_ersten_Atombombentests_1945_in_New_Mexico">Energie des ersten Atombombentests 1945 in New Mexico</h3></div>
<p>Ein berühmtes Beispiel für die Anwendung der Dimensionsanalyse stammt vom britischen Physiker <a href="Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nachdem er eine Bilderserie mit genauen Zeitintervallen der ersten <a href="Atombombenexplosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Atombombenexplosion">Atombombenexplosion</a> 1945 in New Mexico erhalten hatte (<a href="Trinity-Test" title="Trinity-Test">Trinity-Test</a>), konnte er die freigesetzte Energie der dortigen <a href="Nuklearexplosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuklearexplosion">Nuklearexplosion</a> ermitteln. Die vor Ort gemessene Sprengkraft war von den Entwicklern in <a href="Los_Alamos_(New_Mexico)" title="Los Alamos (New Mexico)">Los Alamos</a> gegenüber den außenstehenden Briten geheim gehalten worden.
</p>
<p>Durch frühere Überlegungen zu diesem Thema war Taylor klar, dass der Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> der anfangs etwa halbkugelförmigen Explosion maßgeblich von der <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> seit dem Zünden der Bombe, der <a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span> der die Explosion umgebenden <a href="Luft" title="Luft">Luft</a> und natürlich von der freigesetzten <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> der Bombe abhängt. Andere Größen sind vernachlässigbar.
</p><p>Damit gilt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=f(t,\rho ,E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=f(t,\rho ,E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/993eaa9e645acc411b8910102d3a1187987e627e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=f(t,\rho ,E)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>und:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\t&0&0&1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\E&1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\1&-3&0\\1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">T</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>E</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>bzw.</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\t&0&0&1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\E&1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\1&-3&0\\1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c81872a11aae655a52bcd3ff3575b47b01345550.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:53.715ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\begin{pmatrix}&\mathbf {M} &\mathbf {L} &\mathbf {T} \\t&0&0&1\\\rho &1&-3&0\\E&1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}\,{\text{bzw.}}\,A={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\1&-3&0\\1&2&-2\\\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Rang von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist 3 und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=n-r=3-3=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=n-r=3-3=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a43405561358110c3644101f9ea728669a17bed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:22.166ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=n-r=3-3=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der funktionale Zusammenhang ist bis auf eine Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt, denn es kann nur gelten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{E\cdot t^{2}}}=c^{5}\to R(t)=c\cdot {\sqrt[{5}]{\frac {E\cdot t^{2}}{\rho }}}\to E(R,t)={\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{c^{5}\cdot t^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{E\cdot t^{2}}}=c^{5}\to R(t)=c\cdot {\sqrt[{5}]{\frac {E\cdot t^{2}}{\rho }}}\to E(R,t)={\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{c^{5}\cdot t^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ce5ead82db14818cf72295e65541f87e2bb1f26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:54.485ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{E\cdot t^{2}}}=c^{5}\to R(t)=c\cdot {\sqrt[{5}]{\frac {E\cdot t^{2}}{\rho }}}\to E(R,t)={\frac {R^{5}\cdot \rho }{c^{5}\cdot t^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei einer geschätzten Temperatur zum Explosionszeitpunkt um etwa 6 Uhr morgens in <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=20\ ^{\circ }C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=20\ ^{\circ }C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d88c4bc67e6837c59f779fc79f626a132da1caf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.461ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=20\ ^{\circ }C}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich für die <a href="Luftdichte" title="Luftdichte">Luftdichte</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho =1{,}204\,\mathrm {kg/m} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,204</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho =1{,}204\,\mathrm {kg/m} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/747a7c5298c161ea6edbf4dd6c08010a0f17f9c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.527ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho =1{,}204\,\mathrm {kg/m} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Der Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist zum Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0{,}025\,\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,025</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0{,}025\,\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cee8bba23baacea72d6ec673cfdebb96f7af6e29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.538ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0{,}025\,\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span> im obigen Bild etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=130\,\mathrm {m} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>130</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=130\,\mathrm {m} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2739605bda4731d4f5ec3b007044772695414b39.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.673ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=130\,\mathrm {m} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Der Proportionalitätsfaktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" loading="lazy"></span> ließe sich aus einer Vergleichsexplosion mit konventionellem <a href="Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff">Sprengstoff</a> (mehrere kg <a href="Trinitrotoluol" title="Trinitrotoluol">TNT</a>) bestimmen. Taylor besaß genug Hintergrundwissen, um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\approx 1{,}0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\approx 1{,}0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e890a9b97bf72b72f5a058a82ce0bacc55bd80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\approx 1{,}0}" loading="lazy"></span> annehmen zu können. Damit ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {130^{5}\cdot 1{,}204}{1{,}0^{5}\cdot 0{,}025^{2}}}=7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}\,\mathrm {J} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>130</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1,204</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>0,025</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {130^{5}\cdot 1{,}204}{1{,}0^{5}\cdot 0{,}025^{2}}}=7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}\,\mathrm {J} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/640af1f9216a8593e325c21dde3e361f89038540.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:32.461ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {130^{5}\cdot 1{,}204}{1{,}0^{5}\cdot 0{,}025^{2}}}=7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}\,\mathrm {J} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>1 Tonne TNT besitzt eine <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> von 4,18 Milliarden <a href="Joule" title="Joule">Joule</a>. Dies führt zur Abschätzung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}}{4{,}18\cdot 10^{9}}}=17.000\,{\text{Tonnen TNT}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>18</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>17.000</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Tonnen TNT</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}}{4{,}18\cdot 10^{9}}}=17.000\,{\text{Tonnen TNT}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be42a75f9a640ca173d5d1ba28ba9a6703926f2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:39.1ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {7{,}15\cdot 10^{13}}{4{,}18\cdot 10^{9}}}=17.000\,{\text{Tonnen TNT}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Trinity hatte nach offiziellen Angaben eine Energie von annähernd 19.000–21.000 Tonnen TNT. Die Abweichung zu oben erklärt sich dadurch, dass der Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> in der 5. Potenz eingeht. Das Ergebnis ist bemerkenswert genau. Taylor selbst errechnete ca. 19.000 Tonnen TNT.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>H. L. Langhaar: <i>Dimensional Analysis and Theory of Models.</i>, 166 p., John Wiley & Sons, New York London 1951, ISBN 0-88275-682-6.</li>
<li>Henry Görtler: <i>Dimensionsanalyse, Theorie der physikalischen Dimensionen mit Anwendungen.</i> Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1975, ISBN 3-540-06937-2.</li>
<li>W. J. Duncan: <i>Physical Similarity and Dimensional Analysis.</i> Edward Arnold & Co., London 1951, ISBN 0-7131-3042-3.</li>
<li>Wilfred E. Baker, Peter S. Westine, Franklin T. Dodge: <i>Similarity Methods in Engineering Dynamics, Theory and Practice of Scale Modeling.</i> Second Edition, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 1991 (Neuauflage), ISBN 0-444-88156-5.</li>
<li>Joseph H. Spurk: <i>Dimensionsanalyse in der Strömungslehre.</i> Springer, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-540-54959-5.</li>
<li>Jochem Unger / Stephan Leyer: <i>Dimensionshomogenität.</i> Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-05411-3</li>
<li>Edgar Buckingham: <cite style="font-style:italic">On Physically Similar Systems</cite>. Illustrations of the Use of Dimensional Equations. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. Series II. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>. American Physical Society, Oktober 1914, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>345–376</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.4.345">10.1103/PhysRev.4.345</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dimensionsanalyse&rft.atitle=On+Physically+Similar+Systems&rft.au=Edgar+Buckingham&rft.date=1914-10&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.4.345&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=345-376&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft.volume=4" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Edgar Buckingham: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Principle of Similitude</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2406</span>, 9. Dezember 1915, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>396–397</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/096396d0">10.1038/096396d0</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v96/n2406/pdf/096396d0.pdf">nature.com</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 1. Juni 2012]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dimensionsanalyse&rft.atitle=The+Principle+of+Similitude&rft.au=Edgar+Buckingham&rft.date=1915-12-09&rft.doi=10.1038%2F096396d0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2406&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=396-397&rft.volume=96" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Helmut Kobus: <i>Anwendung der Dimensionsanalyse in der experimentellen Forschung des Bauingenieurwesens.</i> In: <i>Die Bautechnik.</i> Heft 3, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1974.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deas.harvard.edu/brenner/taylor/physic_today/taylor.htm">Artikel über die Arbeit von Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> In: <i>Physics Today.</i> (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/q0231.shtml">Aerospaceweb, mit Darstellungen von Strömungswiderständen mittel Ähnlichkeitskennzahlen.</a> (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duesen.biz/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Dimensionsanalytik_Beispiel_Rotationszerstaeuber1.pdf"><i>Dimensionsanalytische Methoden zur Optimierung zerstäubungstechnischer Prozesse in der Verfahrenstechnik</i></a> (PDF; 246 kB)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://settheory.net/dimensional-analysis"><i>An exploration of physics by dimensional analysis.</i></a> (englisch)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, Band 101, 1950, S. 159, oder Taylor, Scientific Papers, Band 3, Cambridge UP, 1963, S. 493</span>
</li>
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